DANUBIANA European Network for Danubian Studies and Cultural Actions
MAURO-VALACHICA
According to Buschan 'Die Vo"lker Europas', c. 1910, the Maurovlachen
(Maurovlachians) were 'black Vlachians; they were nomadic shepherds, like the
Aromunen and Turkish shepherds; their name was mentioned in the 10th century in
the Byzantine empire; in the 11th century in Bulgaria and in later times in the
western part of the Balkan peninsula. <Buschan writes here on the wandering
shepherds in general> There were shepherd speaking Slavic and Albanian
languages; in the 19th century they spoke Romanian and Aromanian. They wandered
into Moravian Wallachia, the islands of Istria and into the environment of
Trieste. Most of them settled probably in villages and some of them became the
heriditary village shepherds (Transylvania, the great Hungarian plain); in
Buschan's time the Aromanians wandered in the meadow-rich parts of the Balkan
mountains and the Rhodope, the Pindus, Schardagh, soutwest Serbia and southern
Albania. In winter they wander for 30, 40 days in the coastal regions at Arta,
the Dardanelles and Valona (Vlone"). They carried their possessions on big
horses.
The Morlaks lived in Dalmatia and some of them were shepherds (Buschan speaks
about the two as different peoples).
In Kramer's 'Geographisch Woordenboek' (1883) I read about: 'Morlacca (German:
Vellebith), region in Austrian Croatia, consisting of the mountainous coastal
area with the villages of Carlopago (Karlobeg) and Zeng (Senj). The inhabitants
are reckoned to be some of the most uncivilized in the Austrian-Hungarian
monarchy. The Street of Morlacca (Velibitsky Kanal), 5 km wide, separates the
Illyrian and Dalmatian islands Veglia (Krk), Arbe (Rab) and Pago (Pag) from the
mainland.
My tentative conclusion would be that the Maurovlachians do not exist anymore as
a wandering shepherd-tribe, and that some of them have settled in 'Morlacca' as
Morlaks; the flag Ivan describes might be their regional flag.
Jarig Bakker, 15 September 1999
My somewhat bigoted 'Allers Illustrerede Konversations-Leksikon' (Copenhagen
1906-10) says that two thirds are Roman Catholics and one third Greek. And that
the Morlaks are some of the best sailors in the Austrian navy.
Ole Andersen, 15 September 1999
Here is what the Yugoslav Encyclopedia have about them (Enciklopedija
Leksikografskog Zavoda, Zagreb, 1968, book 4), my translation, [my comments in
brackets], spelling of different names kept as in the original: "Morlaki,
(Murlaki; from Ital. Morlacco, being shortening of Greek form Mauroblahos -
mauros - black, Blahos - Vlah; Maurovlasi or Morovlasi, in latin sources called
Nigri Latini - Black Latins), name used for shepards of Roman origin or
romanized, that kept themselves in Balkan penisula mountains after Slavene
colonization in 6th century, keeping some linguistic and somatic charateristics.
Morlaki (Morovlasi) are called those Romanian shepards that, running from Turks
towards west, settled in mountains from Skadar lake [on border of Montenegro and
Albania] to Velebit [in northern Croatian coast]. So, a group of them came to
island Krk 1450-80 (villages Dubas<nica and Poljica) where some words and
roots of Romanian language, interwinwed with Slavisms (as the prayer "Our
father"), were kept until beginning of 19th century. Some groups of those
Romanians came to Trieste [on Italian-Slovenian border], and very long held
themselves in some villages in Istria. The Italian form Morlacco is used already
in 15th century, and in 16th century that is the name for (any) local people
living in mountains from Kotor [in Montenegro] to Kvarner [around city of
Rijeka]. Lots of Morlaks was in Velebit mountains, so that region was by
Venetians called Morlachia. The Velebit mountain was called Montagne della
Morlacca, and sea way under the mountain, closed by the islands, was Morlakian
channel (Canale della Morlacca).
Zeljko Heimer, 17 september 1999
Here the translaton from the Yugolsav Encyclopedia of the text on Wallacians
(Vlasi) [certainly of the same origin as the name for the region and historical
state in Romania, but not directly related]: "Vlasi, originally a general
term that South Slavs used after they settled in Balkan region to designate
older peoples: colonized Romans, romanized Illyrians and Tracians, and so
on; latter the name gained more meanings. The name Vlah have origins from a name
of a Celtic tribe that Romans called Volcae, and Germans used Walhos. Latter the
name Walhos (middle-high-german Walch, adv. wa:lhisch, welsch) became a generic
German name for Celts, and then (after the celtic Galia was romanized) for
Romans: French, Italians, Rethoroman groups, Romanians, and so on. The Slavs
took the name directly from Germans, and partly from Byzant (greek Balahos). In
our [South Slavic] middleage documnets the name Vlah was used sometimes for
Italians. Some sources call by that name folk from Dubrovnik (Ragusa) and from
other coastal cities that at that time still had partially romanized population.
But, the far most often use of that name was for smaller groups of Roman
(Riomanian) language for people that mostly live nomadic life in our mountains
from Macedonia to Kvarner [Istria]. Except by the generic name Vlah, they are
also known as Rumunji (Rumuni, Aromuni), Cincari, C/iC/i (Istrian Vlasi),
Morovlasi (Morlaci), Karavlasi, Karaguni, Karavunci, Karakac<ani, Meglenski
Vlasi, and so on.Historical documents mention Vlasi populations on Krk island,
in Istria, all over mainland Dalmatia, in Herzegovina, Bosnia, Montenegro,
Serbia and Macedonia. The inhabitaints of the coast, which at first called by
that name only highland nomadic romanized population, at some time started to
use it for a generic term for the continental rural population (both Roman
and Slavic), which is used still today - with some pejorative tone - for a
village from the "hills behind" (on the other hand, they use the same
pejorative tone by calling sea-folk Bodul). Quite similar, former romanized
citizens of coastal cities, and afterwards Italians too, used in the same
broader sence a name for continental villages - Morlak (Ital. Morlacco, from
Maurovlachus, black Vlah). In the time of Turkish wars, when the Croatian
regions were populated by mobilized both Vlasi population and Serbs - of
orthodox church, the name Vlah was in somewhat pejorative sence being used for
an orthodox christian or a Serb person in general (in coastal regions a word of
the same meaning "ris<c/anin" was used, but without pejorative
tone). On the other hand, Turks use the name Vlah for all christians in
countires under their rule in Balkans.Vlasi, in narrower sence, live today only
in Istria (in region called C/icIarija, 8 villages preserved Romanian language)
and in Macedonia. Macedonain Vlasi - Cincari call themselves Arm'nj (from latin
Romanus - roman). A part of Cincari live permanently in towns: Krus<evac,
Bitola and others, being merchants, craftsmen or working abroad. Others are
nomadic heardmen known by various names (Karavunci, Karaguni, Karakac<ani,
Kucivlasi); but in latter time they more often begin to live in agricultural
settled way. meglenski Vlasi, settled under mountain of Koz<uv are mainly
agricultural, and are differenciated from Cincari by bodily characteristics,
language, clotes and customs.
Zeljko Heimer, 18 september 1999
The Mavrolakian movement is, more than an ethnic flag, and politicial
flag.Mavrolakian movement was sponsorised by turkish, that used some minorities
without rights and muslim people in the italian territories in Dalmatia during
WWI After war the movement collapsed and, difference from others peoples, no
Morlak National Council is quoted. Ratio was 8:14
Jaume Olle, 21 September 1999
The correct spelling is Mavrovlakhos . That name translates to Black Vlakhs
or Dark Vlakhs, who're a people of southeast Europe
Robert Lloyd Wheelock, 24 September 1999
On 9 Oct 1999 Ivan Sache wrote:
"From Franciae Vexilla #8/54, January 1998, notes by M. Corbic
"In the middle of the XIXth century, along with the revival of Serbian and
Bulgarian, appears the idea of a Balkanic Federation. In Bucarest, the Prime
Minister Mihail Kogalniceanu, supported by Prince Ion Cuza, designed in 1863 the
flag of Romanian-speaking peoples of Southern Danube, a.k.a. Chopes or
Torvlaks."
[The definition of the Chop people seems to be difficult and controversial and
the article is not very clear. It seems that these people are spread over
western Bulgaria and eastern Yugoslavia, and have lost the moravo-romanian
language spoken by their ancestors, and were not recognized as a nationality by
the Yugoslav and Bulgarian regimes.]"
I do not know much about this, but comparing the names of these people with some
names given in the article from Yugoslav Encyclopedia it could be concluded that
these are the same or at least very much realted people as several
"Morovalachian" (I put this in quotes as there are many names for
them), groups in Macedonia.
I was not aware that they were ever so numerous (and "progresive" in a
sence of developed national feeling) as to make a political movement, but, as I
said, I know too litle to claim anything.
Zeljko Heimer, 10 October 1999
Source: FOTW homepage